Immigrants' Economic Status in Toronto:
Rethinking Settlement and Integration Strategies

© Lucia Lo, Valerie Preston, Shuguang Wang, Katherine Reil, Edward Harvey & Bobby Siu
This paper is presented for discussion and comments.  A revised version of this paper will appear as a chapter in the volume Integrating Diversity, to be published by CERIS-Toronto in 2001.  The authors acknowledge support from the Major Projects Initiative of CERIS-Toronto.

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ENDNOTES

..    The typology of industries was largely dictated by the information available in the Public Use Microdata Sample. To increase sample size and facilitate comparison with previous research, information is reported for eleven industries. The goods-producing industries include manufacturing and processing industries that are combined as well as construction. Following the typology proposed by Stanback and Noyelle (), service industries are combined into eight categories: distributive services that consist of wholesale trade and the regulated transportation, communications, and utilities industries, producer services that include business services and finance, insurance and real estate services, social services that consist of health and social services, government administration, and education, and finally, consumer services that include retail trade, accommodation, food and beverage services, and all other services not classified elsewhere.
..    The marked gender division of labour means it is more appropriate and more informative to compare immigrant women's employment patterns to those of Canadian-born women than to those of the total labour force. The value of location quotients range from 0.0 upwards. A value of 1.0 indicates that the two proportions are identical, while values less than 1.0 reveal that immigrant womens' proportion of employment in the industry is less than that of Canadian-born women. Values greater than 1.0 reveal an over-representation of immigrant women in the industry.
..    The aggregate information may mask substantial differences in the propensity for self-employment among immigrants from different birthplaces and ethnic groups (Reitz 1998).
.
.    Location quotients were also calculated in which the divisor was the proportion of all Canadian-born workers in an industry. The resulting location quotients largely reflected the effects of gender, rather than ethnic origin. The small size of the samples for several ethnic origins meant it was impossible to compare separately immigrant and Canadian-born workers from the same ethnic background.
..    The socioeconomic characteristics of the population used for this study were derived from a 20 percent sample of households and exclude residents of institutions such as prisons, orphanages, and nursing homes.
..    Persistence is defined as being represented in four or all five of the immigrant cohorts.
..    IMDB stands for Immigration Data Base. It is not a single database, but a database system consisting of several relational databases maintained by Citizenship and Immigration Canada and Statistics Canada. Two special tabulations from the IMDB were analysed for this research: one contains landing records for all the immigrants in the Toronto CMA, who landed between 1980 and 1995; the other is made of data from the 1995 federal tax returns filed by the same immigrants. The first tabulation provides detailed information on demographic, social, and economic characteristics of the immigrants at time of immigration: such as age, gender, family status, country of last permanent residence, level of education, and immigration class. The second tabulation contains total income; employment income; self-employment income; investment income; federal income tax; social welfare benefit; unemployment insurance benefit; and number of immigrants who reported each type of income, tax, and benefit. Provincial income tax was not included in the original database, but it was easily recovered using the rate of 58 percent of federal income tax, which was provided in the 1995 Ontario Tax Return Guide.
..    UI stands for unemployment insurance. Since 1996, it has been changed to EICemployment insurance.
..    The proportion of immigrants reporting income tax and welfare dependency rates is calculated for the immigrants who were 15 to 80 years old in 1995 (those above 80 are excluded to control mortality effect); whereas the UI usage rate is calculated for those who were 15 to 65 in 1995, as they were the immigrants legally eligible for UI benefits in that year. Given that some immigrants might have moved out of the Toronto CMA after they first landed here, rates of secondary migration are estimated for each subgroup using a similar IMDB table for the Province of Ontario. The Ontario table has the same landing-year coverage (1980-1995) and also contains 1995 tax data; better yet, it records the number of immigrants who originally landed in Ontario but were residents of other provinces in 1995. Using the Ontario data, various emigration rates were calculated for each subgroup of immigrants and applied to the Toronto study. While not perfect, they are the best estimates possible.
..    All statistics for the general population of Canada are also for those of 15 years of age and over. They are calculated from the following sources: Minister of Industry (1998, 1999); Minister of National Revenue (1998); National Council of Welfare (1996, 1997); Revenue Canada (1995); and Statistics Canada (1996).

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1. Principal applicants for investors cannot be separated from spouses and dependants due to an inconsistency problem in the two special tabulations. That is, the number of principal applicants for investors in the 1995 tax file exceeds the total number of principal investor applicants in the landing files of 1980B1995. It seems the principal applicants and non-principal applicants are not separated properly in the tax file.

2. A hyphen is used where a per capita value cannot be calculated because the number of immigrants is small and rounded to zero by Statistics Canada for reasons of confidentiality.

Authors:

Lucia Lo, Department of Geography, York University
Valerie Preston, Department of Geography, York University
Shuguang Wang, Department of Geography, Ryerson Polytechnic University
Katherine Reil (student), Department of Sociology, University of Toronto
Edward Harvey, OISE, University of Toronto
Bobby Siu, Community researcher, Infoworth Company

		Updated February 09, 2004