Final Report

Jeffrey G. Reitz, Ph.D.
November 30, 1995

* This report was prepared as a joint project of the Multicultural Coalition for Access to Family Services, Toronto, and the Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services.

Table of Contents         Executive Summary
Chapter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |      Bibliography | A-B | C-I | J-O | P-Z |

Bibliography with Selected Annotations (cont'd)

California Tomorrow 1994. Drawing Strength from Diversity: Effective Services for Children, Youth and Families. San Francisco: California Tomorrow.

Canada, Department of Canadian Heritage 1993. Annual Report on the Operation of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act. Government of Canada

Canadian Task Force on Mental Health Issues Affecting Immigrants and Refugees 1988a. After the Door Has Been Opened. Health and Welfare Canada.

___________________________________________________________________ 1988b. Review of the literature on Migrant Mental Health. Health and Welfare Canada.

Canadian Urban Institute, Urban Focus Series 1991. Metro in Transition: An Overview of Demographic, Economic and Public Policy Treads and their Implication for the Social Development Strategy of Metropolitan Toronto. Toronto: Canadian Urban Institute.

Carballo, Manuel and Mary Jo Bane 1984. The State and the Poor in the 1980s. Boston: Auburn House Publishing Company.

Carriere, Elizabeth and William Israel 1991. Report of the Collaborative Action Planning Project Presented to the Multi-Ethnic Social Services Task Force of the Lower Mainland. Vancouver: Social Planning and Research, United Way of the Lower Mainland.

Carrillo, Dorothy F., Carol M. Holzhalb and Bruce A. Thyer 1993. "Assessing Social Work Students' Attitudes Related to Cultural Diversity: A Review of Selected Measures," Journal of Social Work Education, 29(3):263-68.

Carter, Pam, Tony Jeffs and Mark K. Smith (eds.) 1992. Changing Social Work and Welfare. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Cebula, Richard J. 1977. "Nonwhite Migration, Welfare, and Politics - A Reply," The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 79(4):155-156.

Chambon, Adrienne S. and Donald F. Bellamy 1995. "Ethnic Identity, Intergroup Relations and Welfare Policy in the Canadian Context: A Comparative Discourse Analysis," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 22(1):121-147.

Chang, Hedy 1993. "Serving Ethnically Diverse Communities," Education and Urban Society, 25(2):212-221.

Linking the provision of food, clothing, health, and housing services with schools must be done in a way that effectively meets the needs of an increasingly diverse population. The nation's demographic shift, in fact, poses serious problems for professionals who are often not from the same class, ethnic group, or linguistic backgrounds as the children and families they serve. Culturally and linguistically appropriate methods for conducting needs assessments, therefore, will play a crucial part of the new coordinated efforts.

Chau, Kenneth L. 1991. "Social Work with Ethnic Minorities: Practice Issues and Potentials," Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 1(1):23-39.

Cheetham, Juliet (ed.) 1982. Social Work and Ethnicity. London: George Allen & Unwin.

The editor is a social work academic and member of the Commission on Racial Equality. This book results from a study sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Security on social work services for ethnic minorities in Britain and the US (see Cheetham, J., Social Work Services for Ethnic Minorities in Britain and the USA (Report for Department of Health and Social Security, University of Oxford Department of Social and Administrative Studies, 1981). The approach was to interview staff in 18 British social service departments, then compare with experiences in 30 US agencies, then draw implications for Britain. Participants contributed to the present volume. Issues included: recording ethnic data, assessing needs of persons from different cultures, disproportionate use of child care services, concern about balancing shortcomings of generic (mainstream) services and separatism of services organized on ethnic lines; recruiting ethnic minority workers. Other concerns, including the relation between public agencies and self-help groups, were neglected despite their importance. One study (Horn) documents under use of social services by Asians in Bradford, and the distinctive types of problems presented. Another (Waller) discusses the impact of Section 11 of the Local Government Act 1966, which provided funding to hire persons who would spend at least 50 per cent of their time dealing with problems arising from the presence of minority groups. Finally, a third essay (Ahmed) discusses problems of hiring minority social workers.

Chipungu, Sandra S. 1991. "A Value-Based Policy Framework," in Everett, Joyce E., Sandra B. Chipungu and Bogart R. Leashore (eds.) Child Welfare: An Africentric Perspective, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 290-305.

Government policies for many years have held that children should no longer be removed from familes on the basis of family income, but the practice still exists. The proof is that most children are removed for neglect, not abuse. (Pp. 295-6)

Chu, Judy and Stanley Sue 1984. "Asian/Pacific Americans and Group Practice," in Davis, L. (ed.) Ethnicity in Social Group Work Practice. New York: The Haworth Press.

Clarke, John (ed.) 1993. A Crisis in Care?: Challenges to Social Work London: Sage Publications, Inc.

Criticisms of the "cultural sensitivity" approach are made, ch. 5.

Coley, Soraya M. and Joyce O. Beckett 1988. "Black Battered Women: Practice Issues," Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, October:483-490.

Commission for Racial Equality 1989. Racial Equality in Social Services Departments. London: Commission for Racial Equality, Elliot House.

__________________________ 1991. Race Relations Code of Practice Consultation Draft. London: Commission for Racial Equality, Elliot House.

Community Panel Family and Children's Services Legislation Review in British Columbia 1992. Making Changes - A Place to Start: Report of the Community Panel. Ministry of Social Services, Province of British Columbia.

Connelly, Naomi 1988. Care in the Multiracial Community. London: Policy Studies Institute.

A brief and fairly abstract theoretical discussion of the impact of race on a specific service issue: movement of the frail elderly, mentally ill, and the disabled, out of long-stay institutions into the community. Contains no empirical data on the extent of specific barriers to service.

______________ 1990. Between Apathy and Outrage: Voluntary Organizations in Multiracial Britain. London: Policy Studies Institute.

An essay on the impact of race on a services provided by voluntary organisations, based on interviews with staff of organizations, particularly those concerned with disability.

Coombe, Vivienne and Alan Little (eds.) 1986. Race & Social Work: A Guide to Training. London: Tavistock Publications.

Cornelius, Llewellyn J. 1993a. "Barriers to Medical Care for White, Black, and Hispanic American Children," Journal of the National Medical Association, 85(4):281-288.

Cornelius, Llewellyn J. 1993b. "Ethnic Minorities and Access to Medical Care: Where Do They Stand?" Journal of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians, 4(1):16-25.

Corvin, Sue Ann and Fred Wiggins 1989. "An Antiracism Training Model for White Professionals," Journal of Multicultural Counselling and Development, 17:105-114.

Cross, Malcolm, Harbhgian Brar and Mike McLeod 1991. Racial Equality and the Local State: An Evaluation of Race Policy in the London Borough of Brent. Monographs in Ethnic Relations, No. 1. Coventry, Warwick: Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations.

Cross, Malcolm, Mark R.D. Johnson and Brian Cox 1988. "Black Welfare and Local Government: Section 11 and Social Services Departments," Policy Papers in Ethnic Relations No. 12. Coventry, Warwick: Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations.

Cross, T.L., B.J. Bazron, K.W. Dennis, and M.R.Isaacs 1989. "Towards a culturally competent system of care." A monograph on effective services for minority children who are severely emotionally disturbed. Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health, Child and Adolescent Service System Program.

Includes discussion on the choice between ethno-specific services as opposed to increasing the accessibility of mainstream agencies.

Crystal, David 1989. "Asian Americans and the Myth of the Model Minority," The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, September:405-413.

Currents 1987. "The City of Toronto Reaches Out Accessibility of City Services to Ethnic and Racial Minorities," Currents, Summer:24-26.

Currie, Janet 1995. "Do Children of Immigrants Make Differential Use of Public Health Insurance?" Los Angeles: UCLA and NBER. Unpublished manuscript.

Curtis, Patrick A. 1990. "The Consequences of Acculturation to Service Delivery and Research with Hispanic Families," Child and Adolescent Social Work, 7(2):147-159.

Damianakis, Thecla 1992. The Needs and Strategies of the Racially and Culturally Diverse and Family Planning Services. Hamilton, Ontario: Planned Parenthood Society of Hamilton.

Davenport, Judith A. and Joseph Davenport, III 1987. "Native American Suicide: A Durkheimian Analysis," Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, November:533-539.

Davis, Karen, Marsha Lillie-Blanton, Barbara Lyons, Fitzhugh Mullan, Neil Powe and Diane Rowland 1987. "Health Care for Black Americans: The Public Sector Role," The Millbank Quarterly, 65(Supplement 1):213-247.

Davis, Larry E. and Enola K. Proctor 1989. Race, Gender & Class: Guidelines for Practice with Individuals, Families and Groups. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Davis, Larry E., Maeda J. Galinsky and Janice H. Schopler 1995. "RAP: A Framework for Leadership of Multiracial Groups," Social Work, 40(2):155-165.

Devore, Wynetta and Elfriede G. Schlesinger 1991. Ethnic-Sensitive Social Work Practice (Third Edition). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

DeVoretz, Don J. (ed.) 1995. Diminishing Returns: The Economics of Canada's Recent Immigration Policy. Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute in association with The Laurier Institution.

Dillon, Dennis 1994. "Understanding and Assessment of Intragroup Dynamics in Family Foster Care: African American Families," Child Welfare, 73(2):129-139.

Dominelli, Lena 1988. Anti-Racist Social Work: A Challenge for White Practitioners and Educators. London: MacMillan Education Ltd.

Doyle, Robert 1989. "Access and Equity in Canada: Reflections from an Australian Experience," Currents 5,2: 7-12.

Doyle, Robert, and Livy Visano 1987. Access to Health and Social Services for Members of Diverse Cultural and Racial Groups. Reports 1 and 3. Toronto: Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto.

This study included seven types of services: physical health and mental health, supportive services (hostels, shelters, home care for the elderly or other populations at risk), developmental services (day care, family counselling), and rehabilitative services (services to prisoners, the handicapped, persons in receipt of social assistance), information services (including referral), and community/multiservice centres (including settlement house, and community centers which include a variety of services to a local area). The study was based on data from 135 mainstream organizations (serving the general public), service providers working within these organizations, and a sample of service consumers obtained from the organizations and expanded by the "snowball" technique. The study also surveyed key informants from 40 ethno-specific organizations. The study found that the vast majority of service providers in all types of organizations believed that important service barriers existed. These include (1) lack of knowledge of services available, (2) lack of knowledge of English and French in minority communities (and lack of interpretation services in the mainstream organizations), (3) the location of services remote from consumers, (4) lack of culturally appropriate services, and (4) administrative barriers such as waiting lists and forms often in English only, and (5) costs related to day care and transportation. The survey of consumers provided support for the existence of these barriers. In addition, a review of health and social service policies at various levels of government showed some limited attention to the problems of minority access. Possible methods for overcoming the barriers were identified in focus group discussions and by case studies of specific innovations. These include providing better information on available services in language other than English, hiring and training multilingual and culturally sensitive staff, representing minority groups on decision-making bodies, and a variety of other more specific measures. Many specific measures were already being pursued to some degree in specific organizations. Problems of funding, and the relation between mainstream and ethno-specific agencies were also addressed.

____________________________ 1987. "Inequalities Within the Service Delivery Systems: A Case of Cultural Insensitivity," Currents, Summer:3-5.

Doyle, Robert and the Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto 1987. "Access and Equity in a Multicultural Society: The Myth and the Reality," Social Infopac, 6(6):1-6.

__________________________________________________________ 1990. "Multiculturalism and Race Relations in Australia: From Inertia to Innovation," Social Infopac, 9(3):1-11.

Doyle, Robert and Khan Rahi 1990. Organization Change Towards Multiculturalism. Toronto: Toronto Access Action Council.

Doyle, Yvonne 1991. "A Survey of the Cervical Screening Service in a London District, Including Reasons for Non-Attendance, Ethnic Responses and Views on the Quality of the Service," Social Science and Medicine, 32(8):953-957.

Drachman, Diane 1995. "Immigration Statuses and Their Influence on Service Provision, Access and Use," Social Work, 40(2):188-197.

Dutton, Diana B. 1978. "Explaining the Low Use of Health Services by the Poor: Costs, Attitudes, or Delivery Systems?" American Sociological Review, 43 (June):348-368.

Ebrahim, S. 1992. "Social and Medical Problems of Elderly Migrants," International Migration, 30(special issue):179-197.

Examines the social and health problems of elderly migrants, with special attention to the UK. Minorities within ethnic minorities, elderly people represent 5% of the migrant population in England. The extended family, possibly the main source of social support for the elderly, is undermined by GB's housing policy focus on nuclear families. Difficulties of access result in low use of statutory social services. Involvement by organized migrant groups has helped the situation in the case of some communities, eg, among Jews. Levels of disability are used as indicators of health problems for the elderly population, indicating higher rates for immigrants vis-a-vis native white population. It is concluded that changes in the management of health & social services are essential to provide more adequate treatment for ethnic elderly.

Ellis, Jean. 1991. Meeting Community Needs: A Study of Muslim Communities in Coventry. Coventry: Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick.

This is a study of the need for a community centre in Coventry (UK) providing services including social services specifically for the Muslim community. Attention to the needs of Asians in general has not lead to provisions for Muslims who have distinct needs. "There are indications ... that the nature and extent of disability within the Muslim community remains hidden, and that Muslim families caring for disabled family members are receiving inadequate support within the community and through statutory services." (p. 17) The study focuses on political processes within the community; no detailed study of service access is provided.

Erickson, Ken C. 1990. "New Immigrants and the Social Service Agency: Changing Relations at SRS", Urban Anthropology, 19(4):387-407.

Escarce, José J., Kenneth R. Epstein, David C. Colby and J. Sanford Schwartz 1993. "Racial Differences in the Elderly's Use of Medical Procedures and Diagnostic Tests," American Journal of Public Health, 83(7):948-954.

Everett, Joyce E., Sandra S. Chipungu and Bogart R. Leashore 1991. Child Welfare: An Africentric Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Evers, Adalbert, Helga Nowotny and Helmut Wintersberger (eds.) 1987. The Changing Face of Welfare. Aldershot, England: Gower Publishing Company Ltd.

Felicia B. LeClere, Leif Jensen, Anne E. Biddlecom 1994. "Health Care Utilization, Family Context, and Adaptation among Immigrants to the United States," Journal of Health and Social Behavior, December 35:370-384.

Fellin, Phillip A. and Thomas J. Powell "Mental Health Services and Older Adult Minorities: An Assessment,". 1988 The Gerontological Society of America, 28(4):442-447.

This article compares services to older adult minorities in Michigan with services to non-minority counterparts after efforts to improve services to older adults were undertaken. Although aging specialists perceived substantial growth in services for all older adults, mental health services for ethnic minority adults showed a lower rate of growth. The effects of special funding and technical assistance on services to both groups were examined.

Fenton, C.S. c. 1985. Race, Health and Welfare - Afro-Caribbean and South Asian People in Central Bristol: health and social services. Bristol: Department of Sociology, University of Bristol.

A survey of 253 members of Afro-Caribbean and South Asians in four central Bristol districts. Presents reasons given for non-use of social services.

Filice, Ivana and Christine Vincent 1994. Culturally Appropriate Social Services Project: Phase II Summary. Ottawa: National Welfare Grants Program, Human Resources Development Canada.

Flaskerud, Jacquelyn 1986. "The Effects of Culture-Compatible Intervention on the Utilization of Mental Health Services by Minority Clients," Community Mental Health Journal, 22(2):127-141.

This study examined the relationship between a culture-compatible approach to mental health service and utilization as measured by dropout and total number of outpatient visits. The sample primarily included Mexican, White, Black, Vietnamese, and Filipino groups. A culture-compatible approach was found to be effective in increasing utilization. Three culture-compatible components were the best predictors of dropout status: language match of therapists and clients, ethnic/racial match of therapists and clients, and agency location in the ethnic/racial community. Pharmacotherapy, education, previous treatment and a diagnosis of psychosis were significantly related to remaining in therapy.

Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H. and P.Y. Liu 1990. "Influence of Therapist Ethnicity and Language on Therapy Outcomes of Southeast Asian Clients," The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 36(1):18-29.

Study of 543 Vietnamese and Cambodian clients in the LA county mental health facilities between 1983 and 1988; they found an effect of ethnic match and language match on numbers of sessions, but not on length of treatment (Cambodian language match seemed to increase the dropout rate, but the effect was marginally significant, statistically). There were no effects on Global Assessment Scale gains.

Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H. and Phillip D. Akutsu 1993. "Significant Influence of Participation in Ethnic-Specific Programs on Clinical Diagnosis for Asian Americans," Psychological Reports, 72:1228-1230.

Study of Asian American clients (N=1528) in the Los Angeles County mental health system; those seen in Asian "parallel" clinics by Asian therapists were less often diagnosed as having psychotic disorders than those at mainstream clinics, whether these were by Asian therapists or white therapists. It may be that Asians are more comfortable going to Asian clinics, and go with less troubling problems. Or, the Asian therapists at the Asian clinics may be more in tune with the needs of the Asian clients, either because they collect more detailed information, or more often speak in the Asian language, or are more recently hired and more in tune with the community.

Flores-Ortiz, Yvette Gisele 1982. "Indigenous Paraprofessionals in Mental Health: An Analysis and Critique," in Snowden, Lonnie R. (ed.) Reaching the Undeserved: Mental Health Needs of Neglected Populations. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc., 259-280.

Fong, Rowena 1994. "Family Preservation: Making It Work for Asians," Child Welfare, 73(4):331-341.

FoodShare Metro Toronto 1989. Twice Vulnerable: A Preliminary Profile on Access to Emergency Food Assistance for Metro's Multicultural Communities. Toronto: FoodShare Metro Toronto.

Fraser, Nancy 1989. Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory. Oxford: Polity Press.

Freedberg, Louis 1995. "Growers Push for 'Guest' Field Hands," The San Francisco Chronicle, June 30.

Fry, Peter 1989. "Cultural and Racial Factors in Social Work with Individuals and Families," Journal of Social Work Practice, May:78-85.

Furuto, Sharlene Maeda, Renuka Biswas, Douglas K. Chung, Kenji Murase and Fariyal Ross-Sheriff (eds.) 1992. Social Work Practice With Asian Americans. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Gallegos, Joseph S. 1984. "The Ethnic Competence Model for Social Work Education," in White, Barbara W. (ed) Color in a White Society: Selected Papers from the NASW Conference Color in a White Society Los Angeles, California, June 1982. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers, Inc., 1-9.

Geertsen, Reed, Melville R. Klauber, Mark Rindflesh, Robert L. Kane and Robert Gray 1975. "A Re-Examination of Suchman's Views on Social Factors in Health Care Utilization," Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 16:226-237.

Gelfand, D.E. 1994. Aging and Ethnicity: Knowledge and Services.

Text dealing with aging, ethnicity, and social service access; cultural differences in perceptions of the needs of the elderly regarding physical, financial, health, and personal security. Suggestions relate to adapting programs of the elderly to minority cultures, including mean programs, senior centers adult day care centers employment programs, home care, and residential facilities. Efforts to deal with problem of outreach, and service availability, awareness, acceptability and accessibility.

Gillam, S. 1990. "Ethnicity and the use of health services," Postgraduate Medical Journal, 66:989-993.

Gonzalez-Mena, Janet 1993. Multicultural Issues in Child Care. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Co.

Discusses how child care workers can adapt to cultural diversity, typical problems which arise and what to do about them.

Gopaul-McNicol, Sharon-Ann 1993. Working with West Indian Families. New York: The Guilford Press.

Gould, Ketayun H. 1995. "The Misconstruing of Multiculturalism: The Stanford Debate and Social Work," Social Work, 40(2):198-205.

Green, James W. 1982. Cultural Awareness in the Human Services. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Gruber, Murray L. 1980. "Inequality in the Social Services," Social Service Review, March:59-75.

Blacks are more often in institutionalized settings, but the settings differ. They are most over-represented in corrections and to some extent in mental hospitals; less in homes for the mentally handicapped. It is suggested that this is due not to different problems and needs, but rather to race biases in the diagnosis of these problems and needs.

Gutiérrez, Lorraine M. 1990. "Working with Women of Color: An Empowerment Perspective," Social Work, March:149-152.

Halcon, John J. and Maria de la Luz Reyes 1991. "Trickle-Down" Reform: Hispanics, Higher Education, and the Excellence Movement," Urban Review, 23(2):117-135.

Hall, Bev 1986. "Multicultural Childcare and Children's Services in Australia," Canadian Woman Studies/les cahiers de la femme, 7(1/2):187-190.

Hall, L.K. 1988. "Providing culturally relevant mental health services for Central American immigrants." Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39:1139-1144.

Handler, Joel F. and Michael Sosin 1983. Last Resorts: Emergency Assistance and Special Needs Programs in Public Welfare. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

Hansen , James C., and Celia Jaes Falicov (eds.) 1983. Cultural Perspectives in Family Therapy, Rockville, Md.: Aspect Publications.

An edited collection of essays, one in a quarterly series, The Family Therapy Collections, edited by Hansen. Falicov is the editor of this volume, which contains ten essays intended for professional family therapy practitioners. The primary issue is the way in which ethno-cultural dimensions affect the therapy process. Included are discussions of: how culture affects both perceptions and realities of what is pathological, how culture interacts with social class, and the pros and cons of the "ethnic" therapist. Numerous case examples are provided.

Hawkins, J. David and Bart R. Salisbury 1983. "Delinquency prevention programs for minorities of color," Social Work Research & Abstracts, Volume? -- check:5-12.

A survey of 456 programs intended to combat juvenile delinquency across the US was based on programs nominated as promising. The results showed that those serving primarily minority populations tended to be less family-oriented. It is suggested that the sensitivity of the issue of family in relation to American blacks may have made the social service agencies vary of offering "family-strengthening services" to them. This may not be the best outcome.

Head, Wilson A. 1977. "Service Accessibility and the Multiracial Community," Canadian Welfare, 53(1):5-8.

Healthsharing 1991. "Profiles of four women's health organizations working with immigrant women," Healthsharing, 12(3):32-38.

Henry, Frances, Carol Tator, Winston Mattis and Tim Rees 1995. The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society. Chapter 6. Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company, Canada.

Herberg, Dorothy C. 1985. "Social Work with New Immigrants," in Yelaja, S.A. (ed.) An Introduction to Social Work Practice in Canada. Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice-Hall Canada, Inc.

_________________ 1979. "Staff Development in Social Agencies: Meeting the Unmet Social-Service Needs of Ethnic Populations," Multiculturalism, 3(2):9-13.

__________________ 1993. Frameworks for Cultural and Racial Diversity: Teaching and Learning for Practitioners. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press Inc.

Higginbotham, J.C., F.M. Trevino, and L.A. Ray 1990. "Utilization of Curanderos by Mexican Americans: prevalence and predictors findings from HHANES 1982-84." American Journal of Public Health 80,Supplement: 32-35.

Hirayama, Hisashi and Muammer Cetingok 1988. "Empowerment: A Social Work Approach for Asian Immigrants," Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, January: 41-47.

Ho, Man Keung 1987. Family Therapy with Ethnic Minorities. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Hoberman, Harry M. 1992. "Ethnic Minority Status and Adolescent Mental Health Services Utilization," Journal of Mental Health Administration, 19(3):246-267.

Hogan, Dennis P., Ling-Xin Hao and William L. Parish 1990. "Race, Kin Networks, and Assistance to Mother-Headed Families," Social Forces, March 68(3):797-812

Black mothers of young children are less likely to have adequate access to day care than whites, 63.1 per cent for whites, 33.0 per cent for blacks. This is based on data for a national survey of labor force behavior, N=1446. Although blacks have greater access to family members who might provide day care, and in fact use this resource, very significant differences remains anyway.

Hogan, P.T., and S.F. Sui 1988. "Minority Children and the Child Welfare System: An historical Perspective Social Work 33, 6: 493-98

Black children are more likely to be in foster homes, less likely to receive adoptive placement, and overrepresented in child-abuse and neglect reporting. This suggests a racial distinction.

Holland, Thomas P. and Allie C. Kilpatrick 1993. "Using Narrative Techniques to Enhance Multicultural Practice," Journal of Social Work Education, 29(3):302-307.

Hoppe, Sue Keir and Peter L. Heller 1975. "Alienation, Familism and the Utilization of Health Services by Mexican Americans," Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 16,3:304-314.

Hopper, Susan V. 1993. "The Influence of Ethnicity on the Health of Older Women," Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 9(1):231-259.

Horn, E. 1982. "A Survey of Referrals form Asian Families to Four Social Services Area Offices in Bradford," in Cheetham, Juliet (ed.) Social Work and Ethnicity. London: George Allen & Unwin, 50-71.

Table of Contents         Executive Summary
Chapter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |      Bibliography | A-B | C-I | J-O | P-Z |

Back to Top

Virtual Library		Updated February 09, 2004