Final Report

Jeffrey G. Reitz, Ph.D.
November 30, 1995

* This report was prepared as a joint project of the Multicultural Coalition for Access to Family Services, Toronto, and the Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services.

Table of Contents         Executive Summary
Chapter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |      Bibliography | A-B | C-I | J-O | P-Z |

Bibliography with Selected Annotations (cont'd)

Jacob, Andre 1995. Les services sociaux dans une societe pluriethnique: pistes pour l'avenir. Rapport du seminaire tenus les 5,6, et 7 juin 1994 a Montreal (Quebec).

Jayasuriya, Laksiri 1987. "Ethnic Minorities and Social Justice in Australian Society," The Journal of Social Issues, 22(3):481-497.

________________ 1990. "Rethinking Australian Multiculturalism," The Australian Quarterly, Autumn 1990:50-63.

Jenkins, Shirley 1981. The Ethnic Dilemma in Social Services. New York: The Free Press.

A field study of 54 "ethnic agencies" in the United States, social service agencies identified as providing innovative and constructive services to ethnic clients. The purpose of the study was to see "what works and what doesn’t work" in these agencies. They included day-care centres, foster-care and adoption agencies, residential centers and institutions, programs giving services to children in their own homes, youth services, and multipurpose integrated service centers. Auspices were divided: 25 public, 9 private sectarian, and 20 nonsectarian. Though fewer than half were public, 94 per cent had public funding. They served mainly low income blacks (in Philadelphia), Asians (in New York and San Francisco), Puerto Ricans (in New York), Mexicans (in Texas), and native Americans (in North Carolina). All agencies served as least 50 per cent persons from the particular group; in 31 agencies the director was from the minority group in question. Questionnaires from agency staff were compared with responses from a national sample of social workers. Parents were also interviewed. Experiences in Israel and Britain are discussed. It is recommended that ethnic factors be incorporated in social service delivery.

______________ (ed.) 1988. Ethnic Associations and the Welfare State: Services to Immigrants in Five Countries. New York: Columbia University Press.

Eamines the role of ethno-specific organizations in service delivery in the US (New York), Britain, Israel, the Netherlands, and Australia. The concluding chapter agrees with one of the New York social workers who said of the ethnic associations that "This is the best-kept secret in social work." In Chapter 2, Jenkins and Mignon Sauber reported a qualitative study of the work of 30 ethnic associations in New York. Some of them were "self-help" groups, but others were called MAAs (mutual assistance associations), and were under contract with the New York State Department of Social Services. MAAs performed a key role in coordinating service delivery to new immigrants. Government subsidies were a key to the success of these groups. The study showed that linkages between ethnic associations and the formal service structure not only exist, they are "essential for appropriate access by newcomers to services." (p. 103) Juliet Cheetham replicated the New York study in Britain, based on interviews with 29 ethnic associations mainly in London and the Midlands (chapter 3). About half received public funding, but often from the Greater London Council, which was abolished by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1986. Cheetham concluded that "ethnic associations may now provide the only decent or nearly decent help available to some minority groups, especially those for whom there are serious language problems, or a great reluctance, for cultural reasons, to seek outside help. These associations can reach out to people when public authorities assume that lack of demand reflects a degree of self-help that renders state interventions unnecessary." (P. 147). Smaller-scale replications in Israel and in the Netherlands, and a review of the situation in Australia, develop similar themes. Lack of resources were a problem for ethnic associations in all countries. The study in Australia noted that lack of resources may threaten the contribution of the ethno-specific associations, leading the marginalization of immigrant communities.

_______________ and B.E. Diamond 1985. "Ethnicity and Foster Care: Census Data as Predictors of Placement Variables," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 55,2: 267-76.

Black children are more likely to be in foster care when the are a smaller proportion of the population. The race differential in time spent in care is smallest in the poor counties.

_______________ and Barbara Morrison 1978. "Ethnicity and Service Delivery," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 48,1:160-165.

Jensen, Leif 1988. "Patterns of Immigration and Public Assistance Utilization, 1970-1980," International Migration Review, 22(1):51-83.

Examines public assistance utilization for immigrants and natives in 1970 and 1980 public use microdata samples, separately for origins groups. Public assistance includes Aid to Families with Dependent Children, General Assistance and Supplemental Security Income (Old-Age Assistance, Aid to the Blind and Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled). While immigrants have higher poverty rates, the rate of assistance utilization is only marginally higher. Regression analysis controlling for need and eligibility variables shows that immigrants were generally less likely than natives to receive public assistance. There were exceptions based on origins and year of observation. The finding that Mexican immigrants were less likely to receive utilization is interpreted as reflecting reliance on family and friendship networks, not the fact that so many were undocumented. Recent Asian immigrants were more likely to use public assistance, a finding interpreted as arising from the fact that so many were Indo-chinese refugees. Note that immigrants and natives are compared within origins groups, and that incomes and poverty rates are not included among the need-eligibility variables. In 1979, the aggregate public assistance utilization rate for immigrants was 10 per cent, compared to 6 per cent for native born whites. The relative poverty rates were 14 per cent and 6 per cent. Thus, native-born whites use public assistance roughly in proportion to their poverty rates, while for immigrants the utilization rate is about 30 per cent less. This is true for white, black, Hispanic, and Asian immigrants in 1979. Reasons in general for lower utilization include: the fact that immigrants are a daring and confident group, they rely on friendship and kin networks, and they may want to avoid the social stigma because they are seeking social approval.

__________ 1989. The New Immigration: Implications for Poverty and Public Assistance Utilization. New York: Greenwood Press.

Johnson, Mark R.D. 1992. "Health and Social Services: Chartering for Black Citizen's Rights," New Community, 18(2):316-325.

The relevance and applicability of the British government's Citizens Charter as a means of protecting the requirements of ethnic minorities for specific services is discussed. Legislation has not led to equality of access, but the new consumerism has some potential for promotion of greater sensitivity to religious and cultural needs. Other agencies have proposed similar charters, some of which are quoted to illustrate the demands being made by ethnic minority clients of welfare services. A specific issue - health education - is discussed at length as being an issue where there has been some progress. Other developments in regulations affecting ethnic sensitivity are also described.

Johnson, Robert L. 1992. "Taking A Stand: The American Academy of Pediatrics Creates Task Force on Minority Children's Access to Care," Journal of the SNMA, Summer:31-34.

Johnston, Michelle 1994. "Despite High Levels of Poverty, Latino Immigrants Less Likely to Use Welfare." Claremont, CA: The Tomas Rivera Center.

Jones, Trevor 1993. Britain's Ethnic Minorities. London: Policy Studies Institute.

Kasozi, A.B.K. 1994. The Impact of Racism on Access to Family and Social Services: The Coalition's View. Toronto: Multicultural Coalition for Access to Family Services.

____________ c. 1992. Ethno-Racial and Canadian Family Structures: A Comparative Study. Toronto: Multicultural Coalition for Access to Family Services.

Kein, D.A. and Garon, M. 1987. Programmes d’accès à l’égalité et accès des minorités aux services public. Research report. Quebec: Quebec Human Rights Commission.

Kelley, Michele A., Janet D. Perloff, Naomi M. Morris and Wangyue Liu 1992. "Primary Care Arrangements and Access to Care Among African-American Women in Three Chicago Communities," Women & Health, 18(4):91-106.

Kendall, P.R.W. 1983. "Prenatal Educational Programming for Hindi, Punjabi, and Cantonese Speaking Communities," Canadian Journal of Public Health, 74:434-438.

Kerr, Gillian and Mary Lewis 1991. Family Services to Ethnocultural Groups in Metro Toronto. Toronto: The United Way of Greater Toronto.

Keys, P.R 1994. "School Social Workers in the Multicultural Environment: New Roles, Responsibilities, and Educational Enrichment." Journal of Multicultural Social Work 3(1): entire-issue.

This special issue of nine articles focuses on some vital issues involved in the teaching of multiculturalism. The Council on Social Work Education requires multicultural content in various curriculum standards. Such content includes the teaching of oppression, sensitivities to diversity, teaching about differences and similarities, content on ethnic minorities and women, and social and economic justice. What is more important is that these requirements have come about due to population changes that led to changes in the client population of contemporary human services agencies. How should a school monitor the teaching of multicultural content if it has accepted the teaching of it as a mandate? How can schools ensure that all teachers who teach courses actually incorporate the desired content? In what way should the content be evaluated--through peer evaluation, formal teaching observations, or other methods? These and many other considerations are relevant to the teaching of multiculturalism. The papers in this issue address some of these concerns.

Klein, Rudolf and Michael O'Higgins 1985. The Future of Welfare. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.

Koehler, David H. and Margaret T. Wrightson 1987. "Inequality in the Delivery of Urban Services: A Reconsideration of the Chicago Parks," The Journal of Politics, 49:80-99.

Krajewski-Jaime, Elvia R. 1991. "Folk-Healing Among Mexican-American Families as a Consideration in the Delivery of Child Welfare and Child Health Care Services," Child Welfare, 70(2):157-167.

Kumar, Rishi 1977. "More on Nonwhite Migration, Welfare Levels, and the Political Process," The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 79(4):151-154.

Land, Helen, Robert Nishimoto and Kenneth Chau 1988. "Interventive and Preventative Services for Vietnamese Chinese Refugees," Social Service Review, September:468-484.

Lauver, Diane 1992. "Psychosocial Variables, Race, And Intention to Seek Care for Breast Cancer Symptoms," Nursing Research, 41(4):236-241.

Leashore, Bogart R.; Harvey L. McMurray and Barbara C. Bailey 1991. "Reuniting and preserving African American Families," in Child Welfare: An Africentric Perspective, edited by Joyce E. Everett, Sandra S. Chipungu and Bogart R. Leashore, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 247-265.

Black children are disproportionately removed from their families, and place in substitute care, which ignores the resources available in the black families for dealing with the problems, and impairs the development of the child. In 1984, of 275,000 children in substitute care in the US, 32 per cent were black, and only 53 per cent white. This is disproprotionate involvement. (P. 250).

Lebel, Bertrand 1986. "Les relations entre les membres des communautes culturelles et les services sociaux et de sante", (Relations between Minority Groups and Social and Health Service Agencies) Canadian Ethnic Studies, XVIII(2):79-89.

The integration of minorities into health and social service programs in Quebec is discussed, and factors that explain low utilization by minorities are analyzed. Most solutions proposed to improve the access of minorities are critiqued, and some approaches that can be adopted rapidly and at reasonable cost are highlighted.

Leung, Partick, Kam-Fong Monit Cheung and Kay M. Stevenson 1994. "A Strengths Approach to Ethnically Sensitive Practice for Child Protective Service Workers," Child Welfare, 73(6):707-721.

Lieu, Tracy A., Paul W. Newacheck and Margaret A. McManus 1993. "Race, Ethnicity, and Access to Ambulatory Care among US Adolescents," American Journal of Public Health, 83(7):960-965.

 

Lin-Fu, Jane S. 1994. "Ethnocultural barriers to health care: A Major Problem for Asian and Pacific Islander Americans," Asian American and Pacific Islander Journal of Health, 2(4):290-298.

Lindsay, Glen 1993. Accessibility Review: Ethno-Specific, Socioeconomic, and Disability. Scarborough, Ontario: Phyllis Griffiths Neighbourhood Centre.

Lo, Hung-Tat and Rose Lee 1993. "Community Mental Health - The Hong Fook Model." in Masi, Ralph, Lynette Mensah and Keith A. McLeod (eds.), Health and Cultures: Exploring the Relationships, Vol. II, Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press, pp. 169-185.

The development and operation of the Hong Fook Mental Health Association in Toronto is described. The association was initiated by Chinese professionals with Ontario Ministry of Health funding in 1982. The operation involves individual casework, group programs community education, professional development, and interagency linkages, collaboration, and advocacy. It is regarded as a successful demonstration that "parallel" services can be effective and efficient.

Longshore, Douglas, Shih-chao Hsieh, M. Douglas Anglin and Terry Ann Annon 1992. "Ethnic Patterns in Drug Abuse Treatment Utilization," The Journal of Mental Health Administration, 19(3):268-277.

A study of 1107 drug users arrested in Los Angeles between 1988 and 1990. Finds that after controlling for non-ethnic variables, Hispanic and black drug users were less likely to participate in treatment. The Hispanics were likely to say they didn’t need it ("I can quit on my own") , the blacks to have unfavourable views of treatment ("I don’t like the types of treatment available"). These seem to be cultural variations in predispositions affecting treatment.

Lui-Gurr, Susanna 1995. "The British Columbia Experience with Immigrants and Welfare Dependency." Pp. 128-165 in Diminishing Returns: The Economics of Canada's Recent Immigration Policy, edited by Don DeVoretz, Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute.

 

Lum, Doman 1986. Social Work Practice and People of Color: A Process-Stage Approach. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

A textbook for American social workers, with chapters dealing with stages of social work practice: contact, problem identification, assessment, intervention, and termination.

Lum, Doman 1992. Social Work Practice and People of Color. second edition, Monterey, CA:Brooks-Cole.

___________ 1995. "Cultural Values and Minority People of Color," Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 22(1):59-74.

Maani, S.A. 1993. "Immigrants and the use of government transfer payments," Australian Economic Review, 104 (Fourth Quarter):65-76.

The use of government benefits and allowances by Australian immigrants relative to their native-born counterparts is examined. The results consistently reject the hypothesis that immigrants are disproportionately using benefit payments and thereby imposing a burden on public funds.

Makovec, Katerina 1988. "Services to Minority Ethnic Groups." A Report on Factors Relating to the Responsiveness of Metro Toronto MCSS Agencies to Minority Ethnic Groups. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services, Toronto Area Office, May.

Report of a survey under Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services auspices of 193 Toronto area social service agencies funded by MCSS, including 177 mainstream and 16 ethno-specific agencies, to determine the extent of cultural sensitivity. The results showed: 20 per cent have a multicultural unit, 27 per cent have cross-cultural training, 18 per cent require a second language, 32 per cent had modified their guidelines for initial assessment of culturally different consumers, between 0 and 9 per cent have information about their services in languages other than English (the per cent depending upon the language). In most respects, the ethno-specific agencies were far ahead or in fact self-sufficient, in the area of cultural sensitivity. About one in four stated that they were aware of a minority group which required their service but that they could not provide it. About one in five stated that had a formal referral relationships with an ethnospecific agency.

Masemann, Vandra L. 1991. Partners in Change: A Needs Assessment of Municipal and Community Services in East York for Racial and Ethnocultural Groups (Final Report). Toronto: Ministry of Citizenship, Province of Ontario in association with the Multicultural and Race Relations Division of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, and the Borough of East York.

Masi, Ralph, Lynette Mensah and Keith A. McLeod (eds.) 1993. Health and Cultures: Exploring the Relationships (Vols I & II). Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press.

Masnick, George and Mary Jo Bane 1980. The Nation's Families: 1960-1990. Boston: Auburn House Publishing Company.

McBean, A. Marshall 1994. "Differences by Race in the Rates of Procedures Performed in Hospitals for Medicare Beneficiaries," Health Care Financing Review, 15(4):77-90.

The present study analyses administrative data from the Medicare program to compare differences by race in the use of 17 major procedures in the hospital. In 1986 and 1992, black beneficiaries were less likely than white beneficiaries to have received these procedures while hospitalized. The largest differences were seen for "referral-sensitive surgeries" such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, total knee replacement, and total hip replacement. These differences by race suggest that there are barriers to these services. In contrast, black beneficiaries were found to have substantially higher rates than white beneficiaries in the use of 4 procedures: amputation of part of the lower limb, surgical debridement, arteriovenostomy, and bilateral orchiectomy. The types of procedures for which black beneficiaries have higher rates raise questions about whether there is a need for more comprehensive and continuous ambulatory care for the underlying health conditions associated with these procedures.

McGoldrick, Monica, John K. Pearce and Joseph Giordano (eds.) Ethnicity and Family Therapy.. 1982 New York: The Guildord Press

McQuaide, Sharon 1989. "Working with Southeast Asian Refugees," Clinical Social Work Journal, 17(2):165-176.

McRoy, Ruth G. 1989. "An Organizational Dilemma: The Case of Transracial Adoptions," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25(2):145-160.

Black children are mainly adopted by white parents, and because so few black families are among those seeking to adopt, stereotypes arise which discourage agencies from placing black children with black parents. This illustrates how ethnic bias may affect the services received by minority families.

Medeiros, John 1987. "United Way Multiculturalism Project: A Challenge To Action," Currents, Summer:22-26.

_____________ 1991. Family Services for All. Toronto: Multicultural Coalition for Access to Family Services.

Messier, Camille and Jean Toupin 1994. Multiethnic Adolescents with Behavioural Problems in Québec Youth Centers: Synopsis. Québec City: Service des communications de la Commission de protection des droits de la jeunesse.

A study of over-representation of Haitians, black Anglophones and Latin-American youth in rehab centres in Montréal and Laval. Includes data from 322 youths. Finds that they have more problems. One of them is negative parent-child relations, which are partly exacerbated by periods of separation during the immigration process. In building the family relations, it is essential for social practitioners to offer support for families. "Services for groups of immigrant families cannot be provided by the social service system alone. Ethnic community associations, which are less threatening to immigrants than official agencies, could be called upon to work closely with social practitioners who are trained in short-term crisis intervention. The partnership between Ville Marie Child and Your Protection Centre and the Black Community Council in Montréal serves as a sterling example of this type of approach. As a matter of policy, sufficient funding and remuneration is indispensable to forming this sort of co-operative effort between social series and community associations" (p. 17). "We therefore recommend that CPEJs (child and youth protection centres), CLSCs (local community service centres), and schools work closely with ethnic community associations to ensure that mutual help and support services be made available to meet the needs of groups of families, and be used for preventive purposes, so that placement outside the family is used only as a last resort" (p. 17)

Mincy, Ronald B. (ed.) 1994. Nurturing Young Black Males: Challenges to Agencies, Programs, and Social Policy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

A collection of eight essays discussing the "crisis" of young black males in the US, and the need to adapt social services to the special needs of this group.

Mindel, Charles H. and Roosevelt Wright, Jr. 1982. "The Use of Social Services by Black and White Elderly: The Role of Social Support Systems," Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 4(3/4):107-125.

Mock, Karen R., Vandra L. Masemann and Dorothy Aaron 1987. Access to Government Services by Racial Minorities: Phase I (Final Report). Toronto: Ontario Race Relations Directorate.

Mokuau, Noreen 1987. "Social Workers' Perceptions of Counselling Effectiveness for Asian American Clients," Social Work, 32(4):331-335.

Monroe-Blum, H., M.H. Boyle, D.R. Offord, and N. Kates 1989. "Immigrant children: psychiatric disorder, school performacne, and service utilization." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 59(4); 510-519.

Moore, Joan W. 1971. "Mexican Americans and Cities: A Study in Migration and the Use of Formal Resources," International Migration Review 5,3 (Fall):292-308.

Mexicans are least likely to use formal means to deal with personal problems; more likely with other kinds of problems; they prefer "Mexican" sources of help, but there are very few Mexican sources of psychiatric help.

Neighbors, Harold W. 1984. "Professional Help Use Among Black Americans: Implications for Unmet Need," American Journal of Community Psychology, 12(5):551-566.

__________________ 1985. "Seeking Professional Help for Personal Problems: Black Americans' Use of Health and Mental Health Services," Community Mental Health Journal, 21(3):156-166.

__________________ and James S. Jackson 1984. "The Use of Informal and Formal Help: Four Patterns of Illness Behaviour in the Black Community," American Journal of Community Psychology, 12(6):629-644.

__________________ and Robert J. Taylor 1985. "The Use of Social Service Agencies by Black Americans," Social Service Review, June:258-268.

Data from blacks only.

Ng, Roxana 1988. The Politics of Community Services: Immigrant Women, Class and State. Toronto: Garamond Press

The experiences of immigrant women in a voluntary, non-profit organization providing job counseling and placements services for non-English speaking and black women.

__________ 1992. "Managing Female Immigration: A Case of Institutional Sexism and Racism," Canadian Woman Studies/les cahiers de la femme, 12(3):20-23.

 

Nguyen, San Duy 1982. "Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Problems among Southeast Asian Refugees," The Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, 7(3):163-172.

Noda, Fumitaka, Masako Noda, Tatsuo Kage, Takeo Yamashiro and Campbell Clark 1991. "Preference for Hospital-Based Outpatient Treatment Among Japanese Patients in Vancouver," Hosptial and Community Psychiatry, 42(6):634-636.

North, David S. 1983. "Impact of Legal, Illegal, and Refugee Migrations on U.S. Social Service Programs," Pp. 269-285 in U.S. Immigration and Refugee Policy: Global and Domestic Issues, edited by Mary M. Kritz. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Norton, Dolores G. 1993. "Diversity, Early Socialization, and Temporal Development: The Dual Perspective Revisited," Social Work, 38(1):82-90.

O'Sullivan, M.J., P.D. Peterson, G.B. Cox, and J. Kirkeby 1989. "Ethnic populations: community mental health centers ten years later." American Journal of Community Psychology 17, 17-30.

Contends that ethnic minority client dropout rates have been reduced largely through the development of more ethnic-specific community health centres.

Okada, Louise M. and Gerald Sparer 1976. "Access to Usual Source of Care by Race and Income in Ten Urban Areas," Journal of Community Health, 1(3) Spring:163-174.

Olsen, Lenore 1982. "Services for Minority Children in Out-of-Home Care," Social Service Review, December:572-585.

Data from the National Study of Social Services to Children and Their Families (Ann W. Shyne and Anita G. Schroeder, Washington, D.D.: National Centre for Child Advocacy, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1978), which covered 319 public social service agencies in 38 states, and produced inforamtion about 1.7 million children on caseloads, 500,000 of whom were in care, revealed evidence of neglect of minority children in care. Planning for their service for blacks and Hispanics was more haphazard than for whites and Asians.

Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants (OCASI) 1987a. Ontario Immigrant Service Needs Initial Discussion Paper. Prepared for the Hon. Lily Munro, Minister of Citizenship and Culture. Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants.

________________________________________________ 1987b. Immigrants and Social Assistance: A brief to the Social Assistance Review Committee January 19, 1987. Toronto: Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants.

_________________________________________________ 1988. Immigrants and Access to Community and Social Services. Brief to the Hon. John Sweeney, Minister of Social Services. Toronto: Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants.

___________________________________________________ 1989. Time for Action: Multiculturalism and Social Assistance, (OCASI's response to the "Transitions Report"), submitted to the Hon. John Sweeney, Minister of Community and Social Services. Toronto: Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants.

__________________________________________________ 1990a. Meeting with the Honourable Charles Beer, MPP, Minister of Community and Social Services: Summary of Concerns and Recommendations. Toronto: Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants.

__________________________________________________ 1990b. Summary of Concerns and Recommendations. Meeting with the Honourable Charles Beer, Minister of Community and Social Services. Toronto: Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants.

Table of Contents         Executive Summary
Chapter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |      Bibliography | A-B | C-I | J-O | P-Z |

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